Modernist Elegy and Grief’s Counterpublics

May 13, 2026 By: David Sherman

The essays gathered in this cluster discover new ways to address intractable, interconnected problems at the heart of elegy studies. We approach this field of study now with several hopes, across different horizons: with the hope of better understanding how this writing about death mobilized agency during past waves of political violence, and how it might continue to do so in the present; with the desire to further amplify conversations about modernist literature into global frameworks, although...

May 13, 2026 By: Jahan Ramazani

If Claudia Rankine is right that “The Condition of Black Life Is One of Mourning,” how do you write a poem that does justice to the ongoingness of that condition, the changing same of Black grief and death, from the Middle Passage to Black Lives Matter? [1] Rankine’s celebrated mixed-media, didactic Citizen: An American Lyric, which includes elegiac prose poems for Trayvon Martin, James Craig Anderson, and others, represents one way to meet the challenge. [2] For another Black American poet who...

May 13, 2026 By: Eve Sorum

I was talking last summer with a friend about the mass losses occurring across the globe, and she asked me whether I found it odd that there were no memorials to those lost to the Covid pandemic, nor forms of yearly remembrance in the United States. I was embarrassed to realize that I had not thought about that lack—I was so focused on the return to normalcy from Covid and the other cataclysmic events in the world that my amnesia mirrored that of the culture around me. There are no monuments to...

May 13, 2026 By: Nathan Suhr-Sytsma

In February 2023, Lagos-based critic Oris Aigbokhaevbolo launched a new online literary magazine, Efiko, with a piece entitled “The Death of Nigerian Literature,” in which he indicted the hollowing out of Nigeria-based literary platforms and flight of writers to creative writing programs abroad. [1] The next month, a young poet-critic whose Substack moniker is Eliot of Lagos asked whether contemporary Nigerian poetry was really “Nigerian” rather than American. He claimed that alongside...

May 13, 2026 By: Patricia Rae

After years of teaching and writing about elegy I’ve concluded that this is work in which the intellectual and the personal are deeply intertwined. Many of the colleagues with whom I collaborated on Modernism and Mourning (2007) were motivated in their work, as was I, by their own experiences with grief. Many of my students have told me about the solace they have found in the elegiac poems and memoirs we’ve studied. When preparing to present a literary studies perspective at an interdisciplinary conference on “Death and Dying” in 2018, I sought to widen my understanding of mourning by studying the manuals consulted by bereavement therapists. Those clinical accounts of grief taught me not to overestimate the utility of poetic elegies. At the same time, they seemed impoverished, lac

May 13, 2026 By: Mande Zecca

Writing about genre tends to require broad definitions and big claims. Without them, you can expect readers and interlocutors to ask, with barely veiled frustration, “But what makes this poem an elegy?” Especially if the poem is not about the death of a loved one. Or not about death at all. I get this question a lot. And I should begin by confessing something. Writing about elegy in a scholarly mode feels strange to me. Strange because I probably will not finish the book on political elegy that...

May 13, 2026 By: Andrew Koenig

Here, I propose that the cross-out ( like so), in its simultaneous attempt to erase and preserve a word, models a form of elegy that does justice to the traumatic past while enabling narrative progression. It is a mode of repair rather than despair. Virginia Woolf, with her penchant for the cross-out, sets an example for two contemporary elegists: poet-essayist Anne Carson and novelist-critic Namwali Serpell. All three look to the cross-out as an alternative to conventionally male forms of elegy...

May 13, 2026 By: Tom Bailey

Clothing and costume are among Denise Riley’s key metaphors, from the white ballet skirt and headdress of her “Liberty Belle” to the synthetic fabrics of poems like “Shantung”, “Rayon” and “Lurex.” [1] Riley’s sartorial metaphors are key to understanding the restless role-playing of Riley’s lyric “I”. Exploring the motif of “trying on” in Riley’s poems, I consider in particular how her sequence “A Part Song” performs a sort of elegiac fancy dress, “do[ing] the bereaved in different voices” and...

May 13, 2026 By: Adele Bardazzi

– Oh so so white, what you haven ’t seen still blinds you. From one white to another, sometimes tearing through, this blinding white surrounds you. It has a soft, buttery consistency, with a lumpy texture. What do you think it is? – Heavens, I recognize the place, I know it! – Do you? – I ’m sweating in the sun, it ’s melting my tights ’ wax. – Look, you ’ve made such a splash, you ’re drowning off the coast somewhere, so so unnoticed, and so so white. – I ’d don ’t mind, but please tell me, how much will this cost me?
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Ask me anything, but not to write (about) elegy (again). Or on the weight of loss.

May 13, 2026 By: Adele Bardazzi

Volume 11 Cycle 1

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According to Brueghel

when Icarus fell

it was spring

 

William Carlos Williams,

“Landscape with the Fall of Icarus”

Angel falling from sky, old illustration
Fig. 1. James Gillray, The Fall of Icarus.

*

– Oh so so white, what you haven’t seen still blinds you. From one white to another, sometimes tearing through, this blinding white surrounds you. It has a soft, buttery consistency, with a lumpy texture. What do you think it is?

– Heavens, I recognize the place, I know it!

– Do you?

– I’m sweating in the sun, it’s melting my tights’ wax.

– Look, you’ve made such a splash, you’re drowning off the coast somewhere, so so unnoticed, and so so white.

– I’d don’t mind, but please tell me, how much will this cost me? [1]

*

Hand holding a pump
Fig. 2. Unknown.

C’è come un dolore nella stanza, ed

There’s like a pain in the room, and

è superato in parte: ma vince il peso

it’s overcome in part: but the weight

degli oggetti, il loro significare

of objects wins, their significance

peso e perdita.

weight and loss.

   

C’è come un rosso nell’albero, ma è

There’s like a red in the tree, but it’s

l’arancione della base della lampada

the orange of the lamp-base bought

comprata in luoghi che non voglio ricordare

in places I don’t want to remember

perché anch’essi pesano.

because even they weigh.

   

Come nulla posso sapere della tua fame

Like nothing I can know of your hunger

precise nel volere

precise in their will

sono le stilizzate fontane

are the stylized fountains

può ben situarsi un rovescio d’un destino

for men separated by oblique noise

di uomini separati per obliquo rumore.

a reversal of fate could indeed take place.

At what point have those objects become so heavy to Amelia Rosselli? Perhaps when they got that fatal doing-meaning—“il loro significare” (their signification)—or when they ended up working as or through a figure of speech—signaled in the poem with the repetition of that “come” (like)? Another poet, a rather different poet for that matter, Patrizia Cavalli, captures this point that weighs on all poetry and especially on elegy (due to its assumed intent/responsibility to mourn the singularity of something through that generalized language of mourning that elegy is):

All’ombra di una metafora

Under the shade of a metaphor

datemi una margherita

Give me a daisy

perché io possa tenerla in mano

so that I can hold it in my hand

la margherita.

the daisy.

Painting of ship cabin
Fig. 3. Elizabeth Bishop, Cabin with Porthole.

In any case those objects, to return to Rosselli’s poem, have acquired a certain “peso” [weight/heaviness], and it is on this aspect that I am going to focus on in relation to the elegy. After having long thought about the elegy in relation to a lack of presence, I want to explore it through a lack of absence, or rather: how fat did I become. To quote Cavalli again, it is not about‘Il peso immenso del tuo corpo assente’ (the immense weight of your absent body) that I want to talk.[2] I want to mourn all the weight I gained and think about elegy along this thought. I do not know how to mourn something that is even more present than ever before. My weight has not disappeared, but rather has stretched out to the point that the friction of my inner thighs’ sweats fat. It is almost 40 Celsius degrees in Florence, and my weight is naturally heavier in this heat. How do I mourn this extra 20 kilos of white greasy fat that were not present two years ago?

Do I mourn it by starving myself?

Do I mourn it by ignoring it?

Do I mourn it by creating a monument to it, as so many recent bad elegies do?

How much is the cost of my mourning this gained weight?

These questions tackle the intra-action between ethics, aesthetics, and the personal as well as financial cost that define (or should define), in my view, contemporary mourning practices. It seems to me—and this is one of the first points I would like to make about contemporary elegies—that discussions of mourning rarely consider the financial implications. How much money did Elizabeth Bishop spend moving between cities in her poem “One Art”? Would those same movements cost me more today?

These movements are not just geographical but represent the shifting terrains of mourning itself—costly, burdensome, yet often overlooked. If the elegy operates within a tangled web of the singular and the collective, what happens when one feels detached from both? Perhaps the true object of concern is not the lost object itself but the mechanics of the elegy—how it works, what it demands, and the economies it creates. Here lies the harsh violence that operates within the machinery of the elegy, if not, more broadly, any creative act.

But let us return to money. Money, then, becomes a lens through which to explore not just the act of mourning but also the broader systems of value and transaction that the elegy engages with. If the cost of mourning is literal, how do these intertwined costs shape the way we grieve, remember, and ultimately, write? What if the act of mourning is not just an emotional reckoning but also a negotiation with the economies that govern our lives? This raises larger questions about the accessibility and privilege embedded in the elegy: Who can afford to mourn? And what are we willing to pay—financially—to mourn? By exploring these questions, we can better understand how elegy functions as a complex ritual that intertwines personal and cultural economies, often invisibly.

With this in mind, two more poems by Cavalli offer a provocative entry point into these entanglements, as it engages with the weight of loss.

Diventai buona. E buona buona

I became kind. And so so kind

facevo pascolare il disamore.

I let my disaffection graze.

Su mangia questo, gli dicevo, che t’ingrassi,

Here, eat this, I would tell him, so you’ll gain weight,

no quello non toccarlo, che ti svuota.

no, don’t touch that, it will empty you.

Per dargli il buon esempio io stessa

To set a good example, I myself

m’ingrassai, e tutti e due

got some weight, and both of us

molto soddisfatti occupavamo placidi

very satisfied, placidly spent

i giorni e le stagioni. Ma poi, si sa,

the days and the seasons. But then, you know,

la pace ti sfinisce: grassi e sfiniti, questo

peace wears you out: fat and exhausted, that’s

è proprio il colmo! D’estate soprattutto,

really absurd! Especially in summer,

l’estate ardimentosa.

the daring summer.

   

[…] Io no, fingevo, io fingevo,

[. . .] Not me, I pretended, I pretended,

io posso dimagrirmi quando voglio,

I can slim down whenever I want,

guardate, sono già magra.

look, I’m already skinny.

 

Queste lesbiche artistiche

These lesbian artists

devote alla magrezza!

so devoted to skinniness

Ma ingràssati ingràssati,

Come on, put on some weight, put on some weight

ti tengo meglio stretta.

I’ll hold you tighter.

First, we should agree that summer makes everything heavier—or at least I want to read that Cavalli’s line in a way that it talks about my summer, my mourning. Here comes the related questions: do we still ask modern and contemporary elegies to speak directly to or about our mourned object? Should the elegy be burdened with this responsibility, or might it be liberated by its failure to fully articulate the loss of the mourned object? What if the elegy’s power lies precisely in its inability to represent the mourned object? How does the object of mourning shift from being a passive entity—a thing mourned—to becoming an active subject within the poetic framework?

This shift raises questions not just about representation but also about agency: how does the elegy negotiate the boundaries between absence and presence, between the object as lost and the object as articulated?

This tension parallels the act of eating and gaining weight, a correlation Cavalli navigates with nuanced ambivalence: mangiare-ingrassare (eating-gaining weight). The poem presents gaining weight as both a consequence and an achievement, shaped by the “buon esempio” (good example) of the poetic subject, complicating the act of eating with layers of imitation and expectation. Weight, then, becomes a stand-in for the weight of elegy itself: the accumulations of grief, memory, and poetic tradition that cannot simply be shed. Yet, there is a paradox in how we value loss and gain. Losing weight is often celebrated as a positive accomplishment, whereas gaining it is stigmatized—does the same hold true in the emotional economy of elegy? Can the weight of mourning ever be seen as a valuable addition, a necessary growth?

Imitation complicates this further. While elegy and lyric poetry resist the label of mimesis or fiction, they are still shaped, I believe, by a mimetic impulse—the drive to echo, reflect, and reproduce the gestures of mourning, even when they fail to capture the exactness of grief. Can we truly engage with mourning without mimicking the forms and tropes that have come before? Cavalli’s poetic subject highlights this tension when confessing, “Io no, fingevo, io fingevo” (“Not me, I was pretending, I was pretending”). This admission exposes the performative nature of mourning, the way it bends toward artifice and repetition, even as it seeks authenticity. What if I too am pretending—performing grief not out of genuine feeling, but to provoke a reaction, to make you‘gain weight’? This confession reveals the underlying dynamics of elegy as a space where authenticity and artifice collide, where the boundaries between self and other, subject and object, blur.

What I am probing here is the fragility of understanding within elegy: can a viable community of mourning exist, or does the elegy reveal the limits of such collectivity? Is the “our” in the elegy truly a collective, or is it more accurately a fragmented and unreliable negotiation between personal and collective dimensions? Elegy’s generalized language often obscures rather than clarifies, creating a space of productive confusion. Rather than providing clear answers or communal solace, the elegy often amplifies the disconnection between self and other, mourning and meaning. My concern is less with whether elegy succeeds or fails in representing loss, and more with what it reveals about our collective and individual capacities to mourn, imitate, and engage in the never-ending and ever-changing work of mourning.

What seems to me the problem is that elegy brings with it an inevitable concentration on one object. Even when there is an enumeration of mourned objects—let us think again of Bishop’s‘One’s Art’—it is still one. We mourn what is lost. I want to mourn what is gained—what I have gained. What those objects have gained. To return to Rosselli’s poem, it presents something that I find rather rare in elegiac writing, particularly of this period of the 20th century: weight and loss are put together: those objects have been defeated by pain because of their signifying both weight and loss.

Let us take another brief detour through Cavalli again:

Ah smetti sedia di esser così sedia!

Ah stop chair being so chair!

E voi, libri, non siate cosí libri!

And you, books, don’t be so books!

Come le metti stanno, le giacche abbandonate.

As you wear them they stay, the abandoned jackets 

Troppa materia, troppa identità.

Too much matter, too much identity.

Tutti padroni della propria forma.

All masters of their own form.

E io li vedo a uno a uno separati

And I see them, one by one, separated.

e ferma anch’io faccio da piazzetta

and still I too act as a little square

a questi oggetti fermi, soli, raggelati.

for these still, lonely, frozen objects.

Painting of room
Fig. 4. Elizabeth Bishop, Interior with Exterior Cord.

The problem here seems that even when these objects will be stripped from being signifiers, there will be the problem that a chair is so much a chair: troppa materia, troppa identità. / Tutti padroni della propria forma” (“Too much matter, too much identity. / All masters of their own form”).  And it is on the matter of form that I would like to turn to now: elegy has been working as a genre, but could we agree that is a form now? This is perhaps the result of simply trying to hold the elegy tightly within the closed form that the elegy has become.

È una soneria costante; un micidiale compromettersi

It’s a never-ending ringing; a deadly betrayal

una didascalia infruttuosa, e un vento di traverso

an unfruitful caption, and a crosswind

mentre battendo le ciglia sentenziavo una

while batting my eyelids, I pronounced

saggezza imbrogliata.

a tangled wisdom.

 

 

Conto di farla finita con le forme, i loro

I plan to put an end to forms, their

bisbigliamenti, i loro contenuti contenenti

whispers, their contents containing

tutta la urgente scatola della mia anima la

the whole urgent box of my soul which

quale indifferente al problema farebbe meglio

indifferent to the problem would do better

a contenersi. Giocattoli sono le strade e

to contain itself. The streets are toys and

infermiere sono le abitudini distrutte

habits are nurses destroyed

da un malessere generale.

by a general ill of living.

 

 

La gola della montagna si offrì pulita al

The throat of the mountain offered itself clean to

mio desiderio di continuare la menzogna indecifrabile

my desire to continue the indecipherable lie

come le sigarette che fumo.

like the cigarettes I smoke.

 

*

– This is just to say I have eaten the butter that was in the icebox and which you were probably  saving. for breakfast. Forgive me, it was so so delicious, so sweet and so cold.

[. . .][3]

*

The present challenge for elegy is to navigate past the concerns discussed above. This is what I have tried to do in most of my writing: both academic, non-fiction, and poetic. How can that mourned object not be swallowed up by the mourning subject and turned into something else in the process. How can elegy be just an elegy and how can the mourned object remain just itself.

One more thing. There is another point that emerges: elegy requires that concentration in one object. The truth is that after a couple of paragraphs, I wanted to change my topic from weight to something else. But I cannot. I have to stick to it. The same seems to be in academic writing. This is a short essay about elegy and it is going to continue its focus on elegy all the way to the end. Anything in-between must serve this purpose and is carefully selected. What if I tell you that Rosselli and Cavalli are easily substitutable by anything else really. What if I tell you that the dialogues in italics are unnecessary? The point of how the work of mourning works in the elegy is how everything around it is used in that process of mourning the mourned object and is stripped away from any other meaning—this happens in this short essay too, not so much by stripping away the meaning of the two poets’ lines, but giving them another added meaning in context—a newly gained meaning in the face of addressing the topic of this essay: that is, my gained weight. How can we do an elegy without transforming the world around us, how can elegy be just an elegy and not getting bigger and bigger to the point that it is the fattest of all genres.

Let us return to what is the cost of my weight. Its name is Cryolipolysis: fat freezing.

Woman standing with machine
Fig. 5. Actress and model Molly Sims promotes CoolSculpting within her paid partnership for the company.

The truth is we are still within the same room that opened this essay. Its walls are so so white. My nightdress—which is also a daydress—is so so white. It’s no Emily Dickinson’s revival here. Everyone is dressed the same. When I shower, they watch me. What I eat my teeth breaks little white pieces of something white. Those who give me this white stuff are also dressed in white. They are also white beneath. Everything is white. Everything is pure fat. This is what I mourn. Why do I tell you these things? Not because I really care, nor should you. But because I can. This is the most important thing about elegy: what do I care about and will care as long as I wish for. This is the whitest thing of all about elegy. This is its white fat. Tennis players are also dressed in white and play with a white ball. They often quote a sentence that is put up in the corridor leading to the court: pressure is privilege. I watched this on Netflix as they allow me to watch TV once per week here. How could I choose to come to this place of my own initiative? They—the tennis players, I mean—they know too well the original version of that quote: mourning is privilege. I mourn because I can. I can spend all the resources I have to concentrate on one single object no matter the cost of it. For this reason, elegy is white. I am white. My fat is white. Everything is so so white.

*

– I’d don’t mind, but please tell me, how much will this cost me?

– Cryolipolysis, commonly known as fat freezing, is a cutting-edge cosmetic procedure that targets and eliminates stubborn fat cells by exposing them to controlled cooling.

– I’d don’t mind, but please tell me, how much will this cost me? About the size of an old-style dollar bill?

– This non-invasive treatment uses advanced technology to precisely cool fat cells without damaging the surrounding tissues, leading to the gradual breakdown and natural elimination of fat from the body.

– I’d don’t mind, but please tell me, how much will this cost me? About the size of an old-style dollar bill, American or Canadian?

– The process itself and the equipment used are meticulously designed and maintained to ensure a sterile, pristine environment, often featuring sleek, white devices and clinical settings that emphasize cleanliness and professionalism.

– I’d don’t mind, but please tell me, how much will this cost me? Mostly the same whites, gray greens, and steel grays?

– The high cost of cryolipolysis reflects the investment in sophisticated machinery, the expertise required to perform the procedure safely and effectively, and the maintenance of a hygienic, white-dominated environment that assures clients of the highest standards of care and quality.

– I’d don’t mind, but please tell me, how much will this cost me?

– According to Brueghel when Icarus fell it was summer a farmer was ploughing his field and could only but notice such an enormous fatty conglomerate of white fat falling off the sky. It did so because it was so so fat. It was so so fat that everyone pretended not to see it. We don’t like fat people.[4]

– Can I venmo you? Why do I tell you these things?

Woman in robe on hospital bed
Fig. 6. In an episode of Keeping Up with the Kardashians, Kris Jenner undergoes CoolSculpting (n.b. CoolSculpting is the brand name of the machine carrying out a fat freezing medical procedure referred to as cryolipolysis)

Notes

[1] This dialogue intentionally misquotes and rewrites bits and pieces from three different poets’s work: William Carlos William, “Landscape with the Fall of Icarus”; Laura Pugno, Bianco (Nottetempo, 2016): “di bianco in bianco, e a volte / lacerando,” “bianco ininterrotto, / quello che non hai visto acceca ancora”; Elizabeth Bishop’s opening of the third stanza of “Poem”—“Heavens, I recognize the place, I know it!”

[2] Patrizia Cavalli, “Giunta a quel punto dove la memoria” (l. 4), in Il cielo (Einaudi, 1981).

[3] This second part of dialogue intentionally continues to misquote and rewrite bits and pieces of poets’ work. Among these: William Carlos Williams, “This Is Just To Say.”

[4] This last part of the dialogue intentionally continues to misquote and rewrite bits and pieces from William Carlos William, “Landscape with the Fall of Icarus,” and again, Elizabeth Bishop, “Poem” (though the first stanza this time). There is also the famous line from John Ashbery, “This Room.” See Jonathan Culler’s reflection on how this poem encapsulates the core of the lyric in Theory of the Lyric (Harvard University Press, 2015), pp. 32–33.